Curriculum design and development

Presentation Curriculum advancement is an idea that has pulled in a great deal of conversation in regard to the manner in which it very well may be suitably characterized. Agreeing UNESCO and IIEP (2006), there is no single meaning of educational program improvement. Most definitions center around the prospectuses and learning materials. The more extensive definitions consider that educational program is ideas that incorporate different factors inside and outside the school systems.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Curriculum plan and improvement explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Traditionally, educational plan was alluded to as a gathering of courses that framed piece of the school’s instruction program. This alludes to the affirmed courses that must be practiced so an understudy can be elevated to the following instructive level. As the world keeps on modernizing its instruction frameworks, different definitions have been created to cl arify the idea of educational program advancement. Along these lines, educational plan can be characterized as the association of groupings of learning results. The successions are settled in the training arrangement of a nation, and are planned for accomplishing quality instruction (UNESCO and IIEP, 2006). Schools and universities have structured educational plans to build up the abilities of understudies. This is planned for accomplishing different expert prerequisites in the changing current world. Along these lines, the requirement for better abilities has contributed than the requirement for educational plan advancement in instruction frameworks worldwide.Curriculum improvement has been portrayed as the way toward arranging perspectives that are educated inside an instructive establishment. Educational plan advancement is done to coordinate the school courses and projects to the abilities of understudies (Hedden, 2012). The point is to build up an educational program that gives instructive maintainability over the long haul; in this manner accomplishing the objectives of national turn of events. Educational program improvement centers around major and minor subjects and courses that add to the students’ vocation advancement. Educational plan advancement alludes to a wide scope of conversations by various callings and associations that settle on choices concerning learning encounters. Such choices should be coordinated in a national, territorial, or nearby instruction framework to guarantee practical turn of events (Braslavsky, n.d.). Educational plan improvement shifts from nation to nation. The procedure can be controlled from a national level by the service of instruction or individual states as the case in some government nations (Braslavsky, n.d.). Concentrated nations as a rule apply a top-down methodology in the improvement of educational program. In such manner, the educational program is introduced to educators who, when they embrace it, sh ould show the students. In the long run, the educational plan is assessed by all the gatherings concerned.Advertising Looking for paper on training? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Braslavsky (n.d.), the general public can control the procedure of drive educational program advancement. This is alluded to as the base up educational program improvement. The reactions gathered by instructors and other training authorities are assessed, and norms are set to build up the educational program further. This framework is for the most part utilized by decentralized governments. Proficient associations that impact educational plan choices The educational plan being created should address the issues of pertinence, grouping, and reconciliation in a surrendered community’s set (Stabback, 2007). Thusly, the procedure can be affected by different expert associations that guarantee that the educational program meets the ass orted, essential, national, monetary, social, common and individual goals with no structure segregation. The associations are normally made out of people from a typical calling or specialization. Throughout the years, these associations have effectively taken an interest in educational program advancement to guarantee maintainability of training organizations. This is finished with the point of growing information and aptitudes to understudies (Hedden, 2012). A few associations that impact educational plan improvement include: Accountants Association, Professional Engineering associations, and the National Councils of Teachers. Name Links Purpose American Accounting Association-AAA http://commons.aaahq.org/records/0b14318188/Pathways_Commission_Final_Report_Complete.pdf The article planned for incorporating expertly situated staff into huge parts of bookkeeping training, projects, and exploration. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics https://www.nap.edu/read/5844/section/5 Th is article planned for giving rules identified with the educating and learning of science among understudies. This was intended to guarantee that all understudies accomplish equivalent Standards-based science training. Additionally, the instructors were guaranteed of the development openings in regard to their calling. Educational program structure and improvement The procedure of educational program advancement includes the structure and improvement of incorporated designs for realizing, how to actualize and assess the plans, and checking the result. Planning the educational plan includes basic examination of the instructing and learning system. The motivation behind the structure stage is to clarify certain activity plans for accomplishing the educational program targets. The procedure is done expertly and in fact to stay away from any cover between the subjects and the course. This outcomes to the improvement of schedules that attention on specific zones or subjects.Advertising W e will compose a custom exposition test on Curriculum structure and advancement explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More a definitive aftereffect of the procedure is generally an intelligent progression of points with respect to the courses offered in training establishments. Educational plan advancement guarantees that understudies get coordinated and intelligent learning experience that contributes towards individual, scholastic, and expert learning experience (Stabback, 2007). Different advances are associated with the way toward structuring and creating educational program. These means are significantly followed when another educational program is required, or when educational program changes are basic. Educational program advancement includes bit by bit logical sweep and exploration of important accepted procedures. Interviews with different partners followed by improvement of an educational plan system are led before schedules are acknowledged. The acknowledged p lans are then executed, and appropriate observing is set up to check in the case of everything concerning the educational program is precise. The audit and correction of the substance is important for the entire procedure to succeed. The procedure is efficient and has a reasonable spotlight on sub-frameworks to maintain a strategic distance from sad results and misuse of assets. Having an orderly procedure in the advancement of the educational plan empowers the end of any potential escape clauses. Simultaneously, this explains the worldwide gauges benchmarks (Stabback, 2007). The job of innovation in educational plan advancement Technology assumes an extraordinary job in educational plan improvement around the globe. Throughout the years, innovation has assumed a noteworthy job on the planet instruction educational programs. This has been seen as the best improvement that educational program advancement has ever seen. PCs have become a methods for data conveyance where web education al plans and online modules are the normal advancements that have decidedly changed educational program improvement (Ali, 2008; Scholl, 2001). Innovation has enhanced the conveyance of learning assets because of the developing number of distribution and mechanical forward leaps in research. Today, innovative headway offers normalized guidelines and learning condition that is natural and can be gotten to from any goal (Ali, 2008).Advertising Searching for article on training? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More This has brought about more noteworthy fulfillment among students since they can share and access regular assets. Innovation has likewise decreased the time spent for educational plan advancement in a significant way when contrasted with the past methods of educational plan improvement. Productivity has likewise been accomplished in the improvement of the educational program when contrasted with conventional strategies that necessary a ton of time (Scholl, 2001). School-wide Curriculum advancement activity The Ministry of Education is accused of the duty of undertaking broad educational plan research. This is planned for gathering pertinent reactions about what ought to be changed, presented, or discarded to improve the educational program. This includes counsel from guardians, educators, instruction authorities, executives, and expert bodies among different partners. The discoveries are then submitted to the extraordinary educational plan survey panel that dissects the procedure bef ore conceding to the zones and subjects that should be tended to. Legitimate measures are set up to guarantee that the plans are actualized. Also, legitimate checks are organized to assess the advancement of the plans (Braslavsky, n.d.). The nearby observing of the procedure encourages further corrections to the educational program. The significant difficulties experienced during educational plan improvement can be grouped into three classifications. This incorporates inner, social, and outside difficulties. As to inside difficulties, the educational program advancement encounters the test to adjust with the prerequisites by the service. These prerequisites are imperative to the schools. The way of life for the most part impacts the procedure, requesting for changes that perceive its qualities and standards. Outside powers may likewise win in educational plan improvement to guarantee that the proposed educational program tends to issues of global concern, for example, wellbeing, sci ence, and human rights (Stabback, 2007). Decision Curriculum improvement is an intricate procedure that requires responsibility of

John dewey v rudolf steiner

A correlation on two scholars John Dewey †Rudolf Steiner There are numerous speculations and ways of thinking that have gone back and forth some which are still broadly utilized today. Every person has their very own psyche and it is a result of certain people that we can learn progress and educate from numerous points of view. Contrasting various techniques, lessons, speculations and thoughts permits our psyche to reason and see something beyond our own perspective. In kid advancement there Is such a long way to go, every kid is remarkable and on account of this uniqueness we a not just have one example of educating for each child.Every kid needs to have the chance to succeed and advance to the best of their own capacity. I might want to think about two extremely learned and significant people who have extended the brains of numerous individuals. John Dewey, a devotee to Pragmatism and progressivism. HIS view was that you would create and learn by utilizing the brain to think a nd to genuinely do. To get ready and enter society well prepared, intellectually and genuinely. † I consider the to be of training as the advancement f the Individual to work as a major aspect of a general public and to add to the on going development of that society' John Dewey was conceived In Vermont USA In 1859.He was essentially known to individuals about his perspectives and methods of reasoning on the instructive framework. He anyway shared his perspectives about numerous different subjects, for example, morals, social speculations, power and that's only the tip of the iceberg. Toward the finish of the nineteenth century in the United States of America another philosophical development began which they called Pragmatism. This was to Join scholarly people who had perspectives, assessments and philosophical speculations. The educators who recommended speculations required adequate validity and common sense without this they would be rejected.John Dewey assumed a major job In this development while additionally distributing his work in books and sharing his hypotheses in a wide range of spots including colleges. His musings on the instructive framework and kid's advancement truly started to exceed expectations once he established the University Laboratory School which turned into the â€Å"Dewey School†. This is the place he showed his understudies to have a functioning brain, to become instructive masterminds. He accepted emphatically during the time spent development and high standards of mental movement. Much to his dismay that his hypotheses would proceed to this day.John Dewey didn't have faith in the inflexible regimentation of the instructive framework which was set up and accepted that every individual student would surpass their own best not forcibly yet more by model, by encountering and doing. Idealizing one self's development and being a piece of a framework that considered school to be a social network. John Dewey accepted that gr eat' training ought to have a reason in the public eye and every Individual. John Dewey focuses on the Idea that the quality as a citizen. â€Å"The conviction that all real instruction comes to fruition through experience doesn't imply that all encounters are truly or similarly educative. Rudolf Steiner anyway didn't agree with John Dewey on each level. The two of them had a profound enthusiasm for the prosperity and advancement of people yet had various perspectives on the most proficient method to arrive at that fruitful stage throughout everyday life. Rudolf Steiner, of Austrian starting point was conceived in Croatia 1861. Being brought up in a ‘natural' wide open condition permitted him from the early age of 8 to reason in his psyche about the unlimited prospects the human brain can have, arriving at a degree of otherworldliness from young.He is referred to today as the ‘Philosopher of Freedom' he needed to teach himself as well as other people more on otherworldl iness and the opportunity in learning and creating. Rudolf Steiner imagined the profound world as being as genuine as the physical world we live in. He gave his life looking for answers, he began his journey by considering Science and Philosophy in Vienna. Following quite a while of study and self-improvement the appropriate responses turned out to be obvious to him that he had seen a profound way which was as called Anthropology. He accepted this would lead the otherworldly in the person to the profound known to mankind. There is nothing progressively significant forever, in any event, for material life, than the solid and sure acknowledgment of fellowship with the otherworldly world. † Rudolf Steiner was a solid devotee to the ‘Natural' and ‘Holistic' improvement in a youngster. Each period of a kid's advancement required sustaining, improving and supporting, thusly, he accepted that there ought to be three basic takes in a youngster's turn of events. Each stage enduring around 7 years, he put a ton of accentuation on the way that not one phase ought to be abbreviated in light of a set curricular expectation.He accepted if every individual created at their own pace slowly learning each significant fundamental ability they would turn out to be accomplished grown-ups. His technique for educating was never to arrive at factual highs yet to arrive at self-awareness. Every kid would be educated and treated as a person, with various levels and improvement speeds. The three stages are 0-7 which is viewed as the ‘early holding' stage, the second stage 7-14 which is the ‘heart of the youth' and to wrap things up the 14-21 which would be the ‘adolescence' phase.Each stage needs explicit instructing and Rudolf Steiner ensured that there was a solid agreement in his educating strategies. This would be through imaginative articulation, move (cadenced), singing, play and numerous different types of inventiveness. His instructing strateg ies were not for the minority, this was a strategy he accepted would be extraordinary for the entirety of humankind. The otherworldly congruity and harmony he empowered inside schools would be wastefulness to each youngster, paying little mind to scholarly capacity, class, ethnicity or religion.We shouldn't ask â€Å"What does an individual should have the option to do so as to fit into the current social request today? † Instead we ought to ask â€Å"what lives in every individual and what can be created in that person? † ‘ As I said before all else, every individual has their very own psyche. The most lovely end for me is that thinkers have pushed their psychological capacity to discover and clarify questions and questions a great deal of us have yet can't reply. I have discovered some reality and sense in answer yet we can endeavor to grow our knowledge.Both John Dewey and Rudolf Steiner made it their strategic life to instruct themselves and teach us. I accep t that every individual can relate and comprehend both their hypotheses to a degree, in any case, we have the opportunity of decision. I for one incline toward Rudolf Steiner, I went to his schools during the entirety of my elementary school years and his technique for encouraging I could never question. The individual, organized learning techniques Rudolf Steiner actualized are as I would see it the most common approach to teach a youngster.

Character Analysis of Macbeth Free Essays

string(278) spouse masculinity is the gadget she uses to impact him since she realizes that Macbeth and most warriors of his time put the majority of their exertion into being the more prominent man and such abuse drive Macbeth to act without question particularly when he feels his masculinity is in question. In the play we can without much of a stretch see that Macbeth is driven by desire and later on in the play tormented by his second thoughts which show a lot of inward clashes found in his talks. Macbeth is a man commanded by a solid good sense, a man who has a significantly delicate inner voice and who knows at each stage the ethical results of submitting murder Macbeth toward the start of the play is intellectually steady and a decent man however because of specific impacts (otherworldly and typical) and his own blemish being his †vaulting ambition†. His qualities and his better angles start to decrease under his developing want for power. We will compose a custom article test on Character Analysis of Macbeth or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Macbeth is a case of a typical man that has carried out a gigantic thing and from this deed offering ascend to lament and suspicion, flagging his decrease which in the long run prompted his shocking ruin. There are many saving graces of his character and Macbeth is basically a decent man at the end of the day is the draftsman of his demise. Toward the start of the play he is first characteristics are acquaint with us by the draining chief clarifying his courageous exhibition and valor appeared on the fight. He is portrayed as †great† and †valour’s minion† which shows that he will serve his ruler and nation and endeavors to push Scotland as well as could be expected and every one of these benefits picked up during his fights assist his with ambitioning to develop. ‘I have no spur’ he states, ‘to prick the sides of my expectation, yet just vaulting ambition’ this explains he is exceptionally driven nearly to the point that it may hurt his own advantages later on which unavoidably happens prompting his defeat. Another genuine case of his unsteady desire is the point at which the three peculiar sisters start to address him with title, for example, †Thane of Cawdor† and reveal to him that he †shall be King hereafter† following this we rapidly observe his enthusiasm for these dubious predictions †stay you blemished speakers† , this passes on that possibly he figures he could achieve these titles and from this it is obvious his aspiration will attempt to do everything in its capacity to take a stab at this significance and guaranteed brilliance despite the fact that the witches had clarified nothing else clarifying that his aspiration is additionally visually impaired. His desire is so incredible he follows up on the expressions of outsiders that he has never met and becomes ‘rapt’ in a world cut off from others which is apparent in his speeches where in every he dodges inside himself about what is acceptable and detestable which both battle for dominance over him and this ‘evil’ and his aspiration appear to go connected at the hip all through the play and makes him do things he laments which develop and becomes ‘a blade of the mind’ and we see all through the play the harm being managed to his good being. Another case of his visually impaired desire would be seen in Act 1 scene 7 when Lady Macbeth addresses his fortitude and suggests that he is a †coward† yet Macbeth is resolved that he ought to substantiate himself a man paying little heed to what he is in reality going to do which shows he is eager to intrigue others. Another last case of his desire his with his objective to oversee the entire circumstance and says †I am in blood stepped in so far that, should I swim no more† and that †returning were as repetitive as go’er . † This shows he is anxious to see through what he had begun till the end. Macbeth’s desire has gotten dehumanized and will likewise end himself. Beside Macbeth’s aspiration we additionally observer in the midst of his self uncertainty when his discerning psyche and still, small voice begins to stifle his desire, the awful impacts from various sources appear to gradually break up his better characteristics and set him back headed straight toward moral decrease and his fate. At first the witches are the first to impact him, disclosing to him he will be guaranteed force and magnificence however never state he should follow up on or really do anything at everything except non-the-less launch his decrease. Later on in the play when he reencounters the witches again they give him three specters one of which clarify that he ought to †Beware Macduff† which impact him to arrange the murdering of Macduff and his family which obviously shows how vigorously persuasive these abnormal sisters are concerning Macbeth following up on the predictions with such unwavering quickness. The following impact and I believe is one of the more predominant impacts in the play his Lady Macbeth. Woman Macbeth gave herself the obligation to impact Macbeth and act when he wouldn’t (which she never seems to do), calls upon the haziness and †spirits that tend on mortal thoughts† to impart her with manly highlights as to help Macbeth in is objective for power. The main case of her impacting Macbeth is in Act 1 Scene 5 she clarifies how he ought to †Look like the time† and †bear welcome† in his eyes during the meal that the King Duncan is to at their home and to †look like the guiltless blossom yet be the snake under’t† as with an end goal to hoodwink The ruler to knowing where their actual goal lie. This case of her impact is a lot milder as opposed to Act 1 Scene 7 which is an a lot harsher brand of impact. During the scene Macbeth states he †will continue no further† in their arrangements and the King †hath regarded him of late† to which Lady Macbeth speaks harshly to him saying †was the expectation alcoholic wherein you dressed yourself† suggesting he was possibly valiant while intoxicated and furthermore inquires as to whether he would prefer to live like †a coward† then to continue with the plans he initially started. This is a hit to Macbeth’s masculinity with respect to him being a weakling and says he would do whatever will demonstrate his manliness. These assaults on her significant other masculinity is the gadget she uses to impact him since she realizes that Macbeth and most warriors of his time put the majority of their exertion into being the more prominent man and such abuse drive Macbeth to act without question particularly when he feels his masculinity is being referred to. You read Character Analysis of Macbeth in class Papers Another factor in the play that impacts Macbeths which showed from his immense deed is his distrustfulness. The main indications of this suspicion is obvious in act when he states †to be in this manner is only to be securely thus†. This shows he feels perilous and that except if you are protected you are nothing and now he is affected to obliterate anything which may endanger his security and the principal deterrent being Banquo. Reasons, for example, †his sovereignty of nature rules what might be feared† and Macbeth expresses his psyche is brimming with scorpions and his life is loaded up with ‘terrible dreams/That shake us nightly’, following these contemplations he rapidly and unobtrusively arranges the murdering of Banquo by methods for employing professional killers. This activity is a significant advance in Macbeth’s moral fiber because of the explanation that Banquo was initially his most believed companion and partner and the proof he is starting to utilize murder as an apparatus to understand the greater part of his issues and finishes up with himself that it is the main answer for his issues. There are additionally indications of the impact of desire concerning when Banquo was told during the principal experience with the witches that he would †have lords yet be none† and Macbeth understands that upon his head he presently has †a unbeneficial crown† and †a infertile sceptre† in his hold which enrages him by the information that his children (on the off chance that he ever has any) will never be air to the position of authority, this being another motivation to kill Banquo. Concerning the impacting factors we see that toward the start of the play Macbeth is fundamentally interceded by outside powers impact yet as the play continues gradually he pulls back from his significant other and companions due to again his distrustfulness and turns out to be more fuelled by his feelings, the transcendent feelings being apprehension and desire. Macbeths lament in the play concerning the homicide and following killings is one of the more significant issues to make reference to, lament being the impetus wherein his characters profound quality and mental steadiness are remolded by horrible experience and long haul manifestations of his blame. The main clear case of his lament is scene when he endeavors to quit the plans of homicide and passes on that he feels remorseful for any of these accursed plans in any event, entering his thoughts yet as of now in the play he isn't tormented by his blame or lament clearly until he really carries out the wrongdoing yet up to that point and until he is going to kill the lord he is all the more incredibly influenced by nervousness to the degree that he fantasizes. After the homicide has been submitted he is clearly damaged and is deadened, unfit to move because of his psyche being totally busy with what has occurred. The harm managed is clear when he says that he heard a voice cry †Macbeth hath killed the guiltless sleep† which shows the start of his anxious evenings which is the principal brutal hit to his emotional wellness. Likewise in this scene Macbeth discusses the blood on his hands as though it is a similitude for the blame and as opposed to Lady Macbeth saying †a little water frees us from this deed† make answers that not by any means all the waters of †Neptune’s oceans† couldn't wash away this blood or blame from his hands. We can see his

Sustainability and the Practicalities of Design Accuracy - 2200 Words

Sustainability and the Practicalities of Design Accuracy (Lab Report Sample) Content: by Energy of a PhotonThe energy of a photon is inversely proportional to its wavelength, that is the shorter the wavelength the higher the energy it possesses. The relationship is written as in the formula below.E=hcWhere;E is the photon energy in Joules,h is a constant called the Plancks constant,c the speed of light and is the wavelength of the photon.h and c has got known values. h=6.626 10-34 Joule.s and c=2.998 108 m/s.It is further clear that the photons energy is a function of its wavelength only. Other factors such as intensity doesnt affect the energy in a photon.Example 1:The red light travels with a wavelength of 620 nm. The minimum photon energy for the red light is therefore calculated as below.Since the Planks constant and the speed of light are known entities. It is also given that the wavelength is 620 nm therefore substituting into the formula for photon energy we get.E=hcE=(6.626 10-34)(2.998 108)(109)620E=3.2 10-19 JoulesEnergy in elec tron-voltElectron-volt(eV) is a unit of energy used to denote photon energy and one unit of it is the energy needed to raise an electron through 1 volt.Hence1 eV=1.602 10-19 JExpressing this in terms of wavelength.E(eV)=(6.626 10-34)(2.998 108)(109)eV1.602 10-19EeV=1.239810-6 eV-mExample 2:Taking the wavelength for red light in the example 1 above as 620 nm.The photon energy in Joules wasE=3.2 10-19 JoulesThe photon energy in electro-volt is given as in the substitution below.EeV=1.239810-6 109620 eV-mEeV=1.99967 eVAtmospheric effects on solar radiationAtmospheric effects amount significantly to the reduction of the solar radiation from the edge of the atmosphere to the Earth's surface. The main effects for photovoltaic applications are: * The radiations are absorbed, reflected and scattered as they travelling through the atmosphere hence reduce their power as they reach the earths surface; * Certain wavelengths are absorbed and scattered in the atmosphere hence a change arise in their spectral content as they reach the surface of the earth; * The radiations are embedded with diffuse and(or) indirect components as they travel down to the surface; and * Variations such as water vapour and dust in the atmosphere add to the effects on the incident power, spectral content and direction of the rays.A more detailed description of the effects is as outlined below.Atmospheric absorption.On its way to the earths surface through the atmosphere solar radiation are absorbed by suspensions such as gasses and dust. Such gases as ozone (O3), carbon (IV) oxide (CO2) and water vapour (H2O), have highly absorb of the photons that can surrender energy approximatelyequal to the bond energies of these gases changing the spectral content of the radiation. Highest impact in reduction of the power from solar radiation is brought by the absorption and scattering of radiation due to presence of air molecules and smoke in the atmosphere.Direct and Diffuse RadiationLight with short wavelength is more susceptible to a scattering mechanism called Rayleigh scattering by molecules that exist in the atmosphere as it exhibits a -4 dependence. Another technique of scattering caused by dust particles particularly is referred to as Mie scattering.This effect contributes to about 10 percent of the incident light being scattered and is known as Diffuse light and appears a blue from its origin the blue light.Air MassAir Mass is the path length taken by light through the atmosphere normalized to path length it would have when the sun is directly overhead. It obviously gives value to the reduction in power of the radiation.AM=1COS is the angle from the vertical.It is evidently true that the Air Mass is valued as 1 if the sun is directly overhead.Top of FormAzimuth angleAzimuth angle refers to the compass direction from where the sun rays are coming. At solar noon, the sun is always directly south in the northern hemisphere and directly north in the southern hemisphere. It v aries throughout the day for instance at noon the sunlight is directly north in the southern hemisphere and directly south in the other half. It depends on the latitude and time of year.The formula for Azimuth angle is given by;Azimuth= cos-1(sin()cos()-cos()sin()cos(HRA)cos())Whereby; is the altitude angleElevation angleElevation angle is the height of the sun from the horizontal axis when it is travelling through the sky. It has a value 90 degrees when the sun is overhead and zero degrees when the sun is rising. Its proportional to the time of the day. It is dependent on the latitude and the day of the year.It has a formula given as=90+-where; is the elevation angle in degrees denotes the latitude of the location and is the day of the year.SemiconductorSemiconductor is a device that partially conducts current, that is it has the conductivity between that of an insulator and a conducting metal. Recalling the periodic table, they are mostly materials from group IV, combination of gr oup III and V and combinations of group II and group VI elements. Silicon a group IV element is the most applicable semiconductor in practice.Silicon (Si) structure is has each of its atoms bonded together to form a regular, periodic structure whereby each atom has eight electrons surrounding it. From basic concepts it is stated that an atom is made up of positively charged protons, neutral neutrons and surrounded by negatively charged electrons thus an atom is electrically neutral. The electrons in this arrangement in a semiconductor constitutes a covalent bond. The concept of sharing an electron by atoms is foundation of covalent bond. In silicon therefore the four atoms form four covalent bonds with eight electrons shared as shown below.Fig1. Silicon crystal lattice representation diagram with each line representing an electron being shared.DopingDoping is the addition of impurities to an intrinsic semiconductor intentionally to alter its conduction properties. It varies the numb er of electrons and holes in the resulting semiconductors.The materials are said to be N-type when they are doped using group V elements and increases conductivity due to addition of electrons as only four valence electrons are used in bonding with the fifth free electron from the group 5 element used for conduction. P-type semiconductor are as a result of doping with group III elements and boosts conduction by addition of holes as only three valence electrons are available to bond leaving an absence of electron called a hole.P-N junction and P-N junction diodeP-N junction is formed by joining the P-type and N-type semiconductors. At this junction electrons flow by diffusion from the N-type to the P-type side while holes diffuse from the P-type side to the N-type side and the process continues until the number of electrons equals the number of holes on either side. This leads positive ion cores and negative ion cores in the N-type and P-type respectively being exposed resulting into an electric field in the region which is known as the depletion region that sweeps away carriers.Though the impending action of electric field in the depletion region is active some majority carriers with enough velocity still diffuse through causing diffusion current whereas minority carriers are swept causing drift current bringing to life the p-n junction diode which is used in solar cells.Band GapBand Gap with reference to a semiconductor is the minimum energy it would take to break an electron from non-conducting bound state to a conducting free state. When this happens the electron is free to move throughout the semiconductor. A hole is created where the electron moved to be filled by another electron and this action continues all over the semiconductor.Operation of Solar CellA solar cell converts the light from the sun directly to electricity. It does this by two processes. The incident photon having energy higher than the band gap is first absorbed and used to create electr on-hole pairs. These carrier pair are then collected by the p-n junctions and separated spatially by the junction. Connection of emitter to base of the solar cell the carriers flow through the external circuit.Short circuit currentShort circuit current denoted Isc is the current through the solar when given the voltage across the solar cell is zero. It arises due to the process of generation and collection of the electron-hole pairs(carriers).Open circuit voltageOpen circuit voltage often denoted as VOC is the voltage from the solar cell at the instance when the current is zero. It is the maximum value of voltage attainable from the solar cell and is due to biasing by the light generated current.Fill factorFill factor denoted as FF is the ratio of maximum power from the solar cell to the product of open circuit voltage and short circuit current. It is used to aid determine the maximum power possible from a solar cell.Solar cell efficiencySolar cell efficiency, corresponds to the ou tput energy from the solar cell to the input energy from the sunlight. It is also affected by intensity of the sunlight absorbed and the temperature of the cells. It is given as=VocIscFFPinWhere;Pin is the power input from the sunlight.Construction of the solar cellFig 2. The schematic of a solar cell.Each...

Krispy Kreme Microeconomic Analysis Dozen Glazed Donuts

Krispy Kreme Microeconomic Analysis: Dozen Glazed Donuts Elizabeth Reel GM 545 Ben Gruszczyk Introduction Krispy Kremes glazed donuts are a tasty treat especially hot out of the oven. Thousands of people enjoy this delectable delight every day. Knowing this I will attempt to analyze the microeconomics of a dozen glazed donuts at a weekly basis. I will be covering terminal course objectives A through D. The TCOs are as follows: TCO A- Illustrate how the price mechanism, in response to changes in other demand or supply factors leads to a new market equilibrium price and level of output. TCO B- Given appropriate marketing data, including price elasticity coefficients, demonstrate how to use this information in product pricing†¦show more content†¦There is no TR test for the elasticity of supply, price and TR always move together. Marginal Analysis Total Quantity TFC TVC TC ATC MC TR (price=$4.40) Profit or Loss 260,000 $150,000 $150,000 $300,000 $1.15 $.71 $1,170,000 870,000 190,000 150,000 100,000 250,000 1.32 .1 855,000 605,000 120,000 150,000 93,000 243,000 2.03 .73 540,000 297,000 75,000 150,000 60,000 210,000 2.8 1.4 337,500 127,500 50,000 150,000 25,000 175,000 3.5 .5 225,000 50,000 0 150,000 0 150,000 0 (150,000) From the above information (which is fictional data), we can assume that the breakeven point is somewhere between 75,000 and 120,000 dozen donuts produced, and the more they produce the more profit they will have. That is if they have a set price of $4.50 per dozen. In evaluating this data, I think that Krispy Kreme should and will stay in business due to the fact that the profit potential is very high. Competitive Market This last TCO asks us to discuss optimal output levels for a competitive firm versus an imperfectly competitive firm. I do not think that this applies to this particular firm due to the fact that there are so many producers of glazed donuts in all competitive markets. There are no donut monopolies and I doubt that any antitrust laws will be broken by Krispy Kreme now or in the near future. NOTE: With the exception of the current selling

Applied Business Ethics and Awareness

Question: Discuss about the Applied Business Ethics and Awareness. Answer: Ethical Dilemma Essay Description of the ethical dilemma: During the first year of placement as a trainee manager in a firm (non-governmental) of UK, I had deal with a case of racial discrimination. A vacancy has been developed in our company for the post of account manager. Our company has the intention to promote an existing employee. One of the candidates is white man named Jack with bachelor degree in accounting. He has advised the company for financial cases for the last five years. There is also another candidate, who is African-American employee name William. He has a masters degree in law and accounting. The management team had promoted the white male candidate for the position of account manager. Our management had also decided to allow a junior employee to work together with him. It had created an ethical dilemma in our organization. Most of the applicants started to believe that they are not selected for the post depending on their race, rather than on a lack of qualification or job experience. As a young graduate trainee manager, I had very limited experience. In addition, I did not possess the required knowledge to resolve the issue myself. As, I had just joined the company, I also felt uncomfortable to ask my seniors to help me to resolve the issue. As the company had assigned me to handle this job, I think I could do the work. However, if I have more experience in managing conflicts and critical situations, then I might have done this job more appropriately. I personally feel that an organization should be partial to any employees in circumstances. Punishments and rewards should be given to employees depending on their performance and behavior rather than race, sex, gender and religion. Any type of discrimination has severe impact on both organizational performance and employee performance. Hence, gives rise to ethical dilemma. For this reason, as a responsible and efficient manager, I need to find some effective strategy to solve the issue related with racial discrimin ation and bring back the normal working environment in the company. Justification: According to Lgar and Witteman (2013), racial discrimination can be referred to the unfavorable treatment of employers towards an individual or a group of individual due to their race or any characteristics related with their race like texture, skin color or hair color. It can be perpetrated by an employer toward a worker or applicant of the same race or against an applicant or worker of different race. It also includes making or supporting others to make derogatory remarks or racial slurs or displaying racial-offensive symbols (Husted Husted, 2012). In this case, most of the applicants think that they are not selected for the post due to their race. This issue had severe impact on the performance of the company. Most of the skilled and talented employees had lost their motivation to work for the company and started to think about leaving the organization, as they did not want to suffer the same fate as William. However, Jack was selected in this post due to his exper ience and assistance with the company for the last three years. None is willing to understand that. It gives rise to an ethical dilemma. Ethical solutions: In order to solve this ethical dilemma, it is required to take care of some major fundamental principles. They are such as integrity, confidentiality, professional behavior. I have to provide fair judgment to all people involve with the case. I have to act in straightforward manner. I owe the responsibility to maintain confidentiality of information of the staff involved with it. I have to show professional behavior as a responsible manager in order to solve this ethical dilemma. I have decided to take some key principle to solve the ethical dilemma related with racial discrimination. They are mentioned below: I will develop a team to analyze the selection procedure of Jack (the white man) for the position of account manager. I have to make sure that the committee remains neutral and transparent during this investigation. I will recommend the board of directors to recruit an Anti-Racism Contact Officer. So, that anyone can approach him on an informal basis, if they found any case of racism in the company. I will develop a grievance procedure to make sure that every employee receives confidential and sympathetic approach. However, no action will be taken unless the complainant requests it. I will make sure that confidentiality is preserved at every stage of the investigation. I will discuss this situation with the Anti-Racism Contact Officer who has been hired and trained specifically to solve this kind of ethical dilemma. I will develop policies (Anti-Racism policy) to support and promote mutual respects between employer and employee who came from different cultural background. I will tell employees, that if they found any discrimination at workplace, then they should personally talk to me. I will make sure that their identity remains secrete. In order to solve this problem, it is required to identify all the relevant facts. As a manager, I need to consider the applicable laws, regulations and legal assistance required in this case (Husted Husted, 2012). In order to develop proper solution for this ethical dilemma, I have to analyze my proper role as manager to handle this type of employee issue. It has been found that, as operation manager, it is my responsibility to maintain efficiency of operation within the organization (Lgar Witteman, 2013). I also have to take care of the well fare of employees as well. I have found that, my connection with the employees and owners can also be considered as a significant factor in this case study, as both of them have contact with me. I would not be able to avoid any of them. I had been found that social consensus has made the decision harder for me and caused personal dilemma. However, the result is hard to predict. I have be aware of the fact that consequences of my action as manger could be harmful not only to any employee, but also for the organization or me. The possible course of action to solve this ethical dilemma has been mentioned below: At first, I have to check relevant facts related with this case study. Then I have to clarify the selection strategy and promotion strategy with various personal departments. I can also take legal advices as well. I can use Maxim as the subjective principle or ground rule of action. It is a thought that I can apply to motivate employees to work ethically. In accordance to Kohlberg's stages of moral development, I have identified three major stages of moral reasoning. They are such as pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional stages. Development of these complex stages can help me to motivate my employees to work ethically. I can discuss this issue with my colleagues and conduct meeting with all employees. I will also discuss this situation with the Anti-Racism Contact Officer as, he is hired and trained specifically to solve this kind of ethical dilemma. Together we will develop policies (Anti-Racism policy) to support and promote mutual respect within the company. Additionally, I need talk with Jack personally to get detailed information about these issues. I will organize a team meeting to take advice from my subordinates about possible solutions for this ethical dilemma. As a responsible manager, I need to talk with other employees, who required to be reminded about proper conduct. According to Kohlberg, employees need to develop morality in two stages. It provides the basis for moral development in various contexts. There is figure given below describe stages of moral development. I can use egotistic approach and put aside the interest of the company and employees, and priorities my own goals and interests as manager. It will help me to take morally right decision. Consideration of all the issues and identifying solutions can enable me to show that I am behaving professionally as manager. In addition, I also take attempts to resolve the difficulties faced by my subordinates to work in the company due to their race or cultural background. Above all, I have to act fairly both towards Jack, other staff members and owner of the organization. This approach will help me to solve the problem within the timeframe. I can take help form others to get the best solution. As the manager, I have to implement Jones ethical theory model in order to develop ethical and discrimination free working condition. On the other hand, I can also use utilitarian approach, which can help me to find out the best result for majority of the people (Werhane et al., 2013). Portfolio of Evidence The Ethical Leadership Debate In this section of the assignment, an ethical leadership debate had been developed among Mei-HuaFelung, Mike Gustavsson, Deshi Chen and Jan Edwards. In order to discuss about the importance of ethics at work place, Jan mentioned that she is concerned about the fact. According to her point of view, most of the graduates are extremely focused on increasing profitability of an organization. Rather than improving their people management skills and becoming genuine people, they are more focused on working their way up to the company ladder. She feels that it is the fault of the educational system. Business schools develop graduates, who are becoming meat of the grinder for most the large international companies. Deshi Chen has supported this approach taken by business schools and talked against Jan. Deshichen see any point of wondering about ethical leadership. He had said that there is not point of adding this topic in the syllabus of modern business. According to him, leadership is about letting a job done and making a business more profitable. He is not happy about teaching of ethics or ethical leadership. He is thinking that there is no point of adding different codes of corporate ethic. All western companies are only concern about two things. They are profit and market share. For this reason, According to Deshi, ethical leadership has very little to do with real life business. However, Mei-Hua feels strongly about ethical leadership. She believes that professionals in recent years have had a very poor image from the press due to their ethical conduct. According to her, accountancy as profession has very strict code of conduct that she and her company always follow. Mei-Hua opines that maintain strong code of ethical leadership can help a company to develop ethical working environment. Deshi asked Mei-Hua about the tax cases of her company WCP. As the senior manager of the organization, Mei-Hua was involved in developing various tax avoidance schemes. These schemes literally helped the company to save millions of dollars. Deshi asked her whether it is an ethical approach or not. Mei-Hua believes that there is nothing wrong with this approach as the government has created these tax rules and they playing by the rule; not breaking them. In this concern, Mike mentioned that his point of view had become disillusioned related with ethical leadership. According to him, Anna (his daughter) changed after she joined Alfaraft AB. According to him, Anna was changed from someone who used to take care of social issues to someone who focused on her next bonus payment. According to him, Anna has send bonus making message get-rich-quick to her subordinates. According to Kohlberg, an individual progresses from the capacity for pre-conventional morality to the capacity for conventional morality and toward attaining post-conventional morality. Few people are only able to achieve it. Mike had supported Jan by saying that the existing education system and all the international organizations have provided less emphasis on ethical leadership style. At first, He thought that Alfaraft AB had a well written code of ethics that everyone follows as the company has contributed in many local Swedish charities. Now he is worried about the type of business environment that exist in the organization. According to him, this type of company takes fresh idealistic type graduates from Business schools and transforms them into greedy bonus seeking machines. Corporate ethics and terms such as ethical leadership have no meaning for them. He had also mentioned that in order increase awareness about corporate ethics and ethical leadership, he had participated in his first occupy protest during the year of 2011. They have occupied the ground flow of the Alfaraft AB building in Goteborg. They were protesting against the huge financial investment made by major organizations that were sup plying dubious third world regimes. Most of these organizations ignore maxim (moral rules) that can motivate individuals to work ethically. They must have to follow the ethical development formwork provided in maxim. They are such as 1) Type of action 2) Condition under which the action is done 3) reason to achieve the action. After analyzing the debate, that presents most of the companies and business schools (especially in Western world) do not provide much emphasis on ethical leadership and corporate ethics. According to theoretical model of ethical decision making by Jones, most of the organizations pride less emphasis on characteristics of the ethical issue itself. This culture needs to be changed. Companies need to work more ethically in order to make the world worth living. The seminar Case In the seminar, various cases of ethical dilemma had been discussed. However, the case study of Borries has been selected to make an analysis on ethical dilemma. The essence of the case study is that Borries is an employee (account executive) of a young middle-sized advertising agency of Germany. The company operates in a competitive market in which unable to meet deadline can cause substantial penalty to the organization. Borries is all set to go for a vacation with his girlfriend. The holiday is very important for Borris in personal perspective. However, one month before the holiday, his manager bring him the new that, a customer of Borries has bring forward the product launch. After a difficult conversation with his girlfriend, Borries cancelled his holiday. However, his friends did not support the fact that he has given up his holidays and jeopardized his relation with his girlfriend. They also do not think that the company has no right to cancel his leave as he had not taken a l ong leave for a huge time period. However, unlike his friends, Borries is satisfied with decision. According to him, he had done his best to protect benefit of the company and the client. Now this case study has to be analyzed based on normative ethical theories. Bateman et al (2013) stated that, it is systematic approach to explain ethical and moral phenomena. Jones (1991) mentioned that, in order to provide moral judgment about a case study, it is required evaluate some elements mentioned by the normative theory. They are such as individuals motive, individuals intention, character of individual, actions taken by the individual and action consequences (Crossan et al., 2013). These elements are analyzed below for the case study. In this case, the motive of Borries to balance what is right for the organization and the client against what is right for everyone else. One the other hand, the company management tires to enhance their relationship with customers. Intention of Borries is to do best for the company and the intention of the company is to develop more contracts with that particular client in future. Borries can be characterized as loyal to the company. He is also very much job-oriented. On the other hand, the company can be characterized as customer oriented. Hence, Borries had taken the decision to cancel the leave and jeopardized his relation with his girlfriend. According to Jones (1991), this type of obligations like cancelling holidays is not ethically right for a company. Management has no right to cancel a pre-planned holiday of an employee. However, this decision taken by the organization can be justified. A maxim is part of an individuals thought process for every rational action, indicating in its standard form: (1)the action, or type of action; (2)the conditions under which it is to be done; and (3)the end or purpose to be achieved by the action, or the motive. According to Borris, the company takes this decision considering future relationship with the customers and there is no wrong with that. In accordance to the normative ethical theory, it can be mentioned that Borries and the company has same type of point of view. Hence, this decision taken by the company is not ethically wrong. In addition, the company has compensated Borris well (financially). However, this type of decision is not applicable for all employees as most of them valued their personal life more than company goals and its future planning. Work-life balance is more important for them compare to financial benefits. Hence, it can be stated that this decision is not justified in broader perspective and it could have negative impact on other employees as well. Interpersonal and Team-working skills There are two major skills, which helped me to improve my interpersonal skills and team working skills. I personally think that Emotional intelligence quotient is high. Craft (2013) stated that, interpersonal skill is related with social graces, personality traits, personal habits, languages and friendliness. I believe that in todays job market technical skill is not enough. We have to go beyond the call of duty and to show that we have what it takes to fit within the culture of the organization. I think my interpersonal skills have complemented by my technical skills, social interactions and enhance my job performance. There are certain characteristics of my interpersonal skills that help me to conduct this module in time. They are such as self-confidence, positive attitude, capability of problem solving, time management skills and adopting with pressure condition. I believe in doing preparation before starting any task. I had done ample research work in order to conduct this module appropriately. I can say that preparation is the key behind my self-confidence. In addition, it also helps to improve the condition of my mental health. I take motivation from real life conditions and apply it in my work. It also helps to enhance my attitude toward work and others. I have developed efficient strategies to balance the time for all part of the module. I have developed effective way to deal with pressure and stress. I am use to stay clam in pressure that helped me to develop this module efficiently. There also another skill that likes to mention. That is my capability as a team player. Working as a team helped me to complete a task more effectively. My team working skill is very useful in the designing and writing part of the module. It helped me to improve leadership capability and inspired me to work for greater goods. Conclusion Finally, it can be mentioned that moral intensity (Jones, 1991) has a significant impact on the solution to the dilemma as it can help to analyze the intensity of the issue for me as the decision maker. It helps to find out the range of consequences from loss of customers to poor quality and late service of work to rewarding for quality of work. It also helps to find out different alternatives available to resolve an issue. References Bagdasarov, Z., Thiel, C. E., Johnson, J. F., Connelly, S., Harkrider, L. N., Devenport, L. D., Mumford, M. D. (2013).Case-based ethics instruction: The influence of contextual and individual factors in case content on ethical decision-making.Science and Engineering Ethics,19(3), 1305-1322. Bateman, C. R., Valentine, S., Rittenburg, T. (2013). Ethical decision making in a peer-to-peer file sharing situation: The role of moral absolutes and social consensus.Journal of Business Ethics,115(2), 229-240. Cerit, B., Din, L. (2013).Ethical decision-making and professional behaviour among nurses: a correlational study.Nursing ethics,20(2), 200-212. Craft, J. L. (2013). A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 20042011.Journal of Business Ethics,117(2), 221-259. Crossan, M., Mazutis, D., Seijts, G. (2013). In search of virtue: The role of virtues, values and character strengths in ethical decision making.Journal of Business Ethics,113(4), 567-581. Elwyn, G., Tilburt, J., Montori, V. (2013).The ethical imperative for shared decision-making.European Journal for Person Centered Healthcare,1(1), 129-131. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J. (2015).Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Ferrell, O. C., Rogers, M. M., Ferrell, L., Sawayda, J. (2013).A framework for understanding ethical supply chain decision making.Journal of Marketing Channels,20(3-4), 260-287. Ford, R. C., Richardson, W. D. (2013). Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical literature. InCitation classics from the Journal of Business Ethics(pp. 19-44).Springer Netherlands. Fraedrich, J., Ferrell, L., Ferrell, O. C. (2013).Ethical decision making in business: A managerial approach.South-Western. Frederickson, H. G., Ghere, R. K. (2013).Ethics in public management.ME Sharpe. Hartman, L. P., DesJardins, J. R., MacDonald, C., Hartman, L. P. (2014).Business ethics: Decision making for personal integrity and social responsibility. New York: McGraw-Hill. Husted, J. H., Husted, G. L. (2012).Ethical decision making in nursing and health care: The symphonological approach. Springer Publishing Company. Jackson, R. W., Wood, C. M., Zboja, J. J. (2013).The dissolution of ethical decision-making in organizations: A comprehensive review and model.Journal of Business Ethics,116(2), 233-250. Johnson, C. E. (2013).Meeting the ethical challenges of leadership: Casting light or shadow.Sage Publications. Jones, T. (1991) Ethical Decision making by individuals in organizations: an issue-contingent model.Academy of Management Review.Vol 16, Issues 2. pp 349-369. Kligyte, V., Connelly, S., Thiel, C., Devenport, L. (2013). The influence of anger, fear, and emotion regulation on ethical decision making.Human Performance,26(4), 297-326. Kuntz, J. R. C., Kuntz, J. R., Elenkov, D., Nabirukhina, A. (2013).Characterizing ethical cases: A cross-cultural investigation of individual differences, organisational climate, and leadership on ethical decision-making.Journal of Business Ethics,113(2), 317-331. Lgar, F., Witteman, H. O. (2013). Shared decision making: examining key elements and barriers to adoption into routine clinical practice.Health Affairs,32(2), 276-284. Luke, M., Goodrich, K. M., Gilbride, D. D. (2013). Intercultural model of ethical decision making: Addressing worldview dilemmas in school counseling.Counseling and Values,58(2), 177-194. Morales-Snchez, R., Cabello-Medina, C. (2013).The role of four universal moral competencies in ethical decision-making.Journal of Business Ethics,116(4), 717-734. Pitesa, M., Thau, S. (2013). Compliant sinners, obstinate saints: How power and self-focus determine the effectiveness of social influences in ethical decision making.Academy of Management Journal,56(3), 635-658. Shapiro, J. P., Stefkovich, J. A. (2016).Ethical leadership and decision making in education: Applying theoretical perspectives to complex dilemmas.Routledge. Singhapakdi, A., Vitell, S. J., Lee, D. J., Nisius, A. M., Grace, B. Y. (2013).The influence of love of money and religiosity on ethical decision-making in marketing.Journal of Business Ethics,114(1), 183-191. Werhane, P. H., Hartman, L. P., Archer, C., Englehardt, E. E., Pritchard, M. S. (2013).Obstacles to ethical decision-making: Mental models, Milgram and the problem of obedience.Cambridge University Press.

How to Choose the Best Siddhartha Essay Topics

How to Choose the Best Siddhartha Essay TopicsThe first step in writing a Siddhartha essay is to think about what your topic is going to be. You can decide the material that you will cover by taking into consideration your interests, areas of expertise, and the time frame within which you want the assignment to be completed.Once you have decided what your Siddhartha essay topics are going to be, you will want to sit down and begin to write the essay. The first step in writing a Siddhartha essay is to know what your material is going to be about. You can choose whatever you like, but it is important that you remember to not be afraid to try something different from what you might usually do when writing an essay.Your first topic could be anything that you would normally write about. For example, if you were interested in the Buddha, then you might write about that because you know that Siddhartha is also an expert on the Buddha and if you knew anything about the Buddha, you might be a ble to apply this knowledge to the story of Siddhartha and his quest for enlightenment.You might find that you like to write about different ways of looking at things and you may find that your topic is something related to these things. That is why it is important that you take the time to think about what type of topics you want to cover in your Siddhartha essay and then you should decide which topics are going to be used and which ones are going to be left out. It is better to decide this early on so that you can begin to write it while you are still in the process of writing your Siddhartha essay.Once you have chosen your topics and you know which ones are going to be used, it is time to begin thinking about the possible things that you can incorporate into your paper. If you have some ideas that you think might fit with the subject matter that you have chosen, you can write them down. You should write down all of your ideas that you have and when you have compiled a list of thi ngs that you want to use in your Siddhartha essay, you will be able to choose the ideas that you want to use to help you with your essay.Just because you have decided on the topic that you want to cover does not mean that you are finished writing your paper. You still need to add in additional things to your paper and you can do this by simply adding a little bit of additional information that you want to include in your paper.For example, if you have some details about how the Buddha became enlightened and he spent a long time reflecting on things before finally becoming enlightened, then you can add this information to your Siddhartha essay. Similarly, if you are not sure about how the Buddha became enlightened, you can include this information in your paper.When you have found and decided on the topic that you want to write about in your paper, you can begin to write and organize your paper. Remember that it is important that you learn to write the paper quickly and then you shou ld start with the material that you know best.